A Financial Statement is an organized collection of data according to logical and consistent accounting procedures. Its purpose is to convey an understanding of some financial aspects of a business firm. It may show assets position at a moment of time as in the case of balance sheet, or may reveal a series of activities over a given period of times, as in the case of an income statement.
Financial Analysis is defined as being the process of identifying financial strength and weakness of a business by establishing relationship between the elements of balance sheet and income statement. The information pertaining to the financial statements is of great importance through which interpretation and analysis is made.
The income statement, having been termed as profit and loss account is the most useful financial statement to enlighten what has happened to the business between the specified time intervals while showing, revenues, expenses gains and losses.
Balance sheet is a statement which shows the financial position of a business at certain point of time. The distinction between income statement and the balance sheet is that the former is for a period and the latter indicates the financial position on a particular date.
The various tools and techniques available for financial statement are mentioned below –
- Comparative Financial Statement Analysis (Horizontal Analysis):-
As the name suggests, comparative analysis provides a year-on-year review of the various financial statements. For example, in the Income Statement, the Sales figure may be compared over a period of consecutive years to understand how the sales figures have grown (or declined) over the year. It should be noted that horizontal analysis compares the internal performance of the company.
Horizontal analysis is also regarded as Dynamic Analysis.
- Common-size Financial Statement Analysis (Vertical Analysis):-
Vertical analysis is applicable for internal performance review as well as for comparison to peers and bench-marking. In vertical analysis all the items in a particular statement are represented as a percentage of a particular item.
It is also called as static analysis.
- Ratio Analysis: Ratio analysis is the most widely used tool of financial statement analysis. A ratio gives relationship between two numbers, in this case items in the financial statements. Ratios are popular because they readily allow internal evaluation as well as comparison across firms. The ratios are categorized according to activities or functions they perform or the information they provide. For example, profitability ratios measure the profit making capability of the company.
- Graphical Analysis: Graphs provide visual representation of the performance that can be easily compared over time. The graphs may be line graphs, column graphs or pie charts.
- Trend Analysis: Trend analysis is used to reveal the trend of items with the passage of time and is generally used as a statistical tool. Trend analysis is used in conjunction with ratio analysis, horizontal and vertical analysis to spot a particular trend, explore the causes of the same and if required prepare future projections.
- Regression Analysis: Regression analysis is a statistical tool used to establish and estimate relationship among variables.
Generally, the dependent variable is related to one or more independent variables. In case of financial statement analysis, the dependent variable may be, say, sales, and it is required to estimate its relationship with the independent variable, say, a macroeconomic factor like Gross Domestic Product.
The various tools and techniques are there to enable the decision making. Different companies may have different accounting methods and hence, comparison with peers has to be done carefully. Moreover, a holistic use of various techniques should be done to arrive at any conclusion.
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