Geography of India and World Geography

Physical Geography

• Art Forms of Punjab
• Punjab Human Development Index
• Challenges of National Integration
•  Climatic changes
•  Global warming
• Greenhouse effect
• Classification of climates, (Koppen and Thornthwaite)
• Tropical and temperate cyclones
•  Air masses and fronts
•  Horizontal and vertical distribution of temperature, inversion of temperature
•  Insolation,heat budget of the earth
• Composition, Structure and Stratification of the atmosphere
•  Geomorphic processes; Weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition,soil formation,Landscape cycles, ideas of Davis and Penck
• Evolution and characteristics of landforms in the Fluvial, Glacial, Arid and Karst regions  
• Major types of rocks and their characteristics
• Tsunamis
• Earthquakes
• Plate tectonics
• Wegner’s Continental Drift Theory
• Interior of earth,
• Origin and evolution of earth
• Various National Missions and Programmes:-
• Sustainable and Inclusive Growth
• Indian Agriculture- Current Status, Issues & initiatives.
• Explain “ Ozone layer “ and “Ozone Hole ”. 4 marks 2003
• Discuss the possibilities of non- Conventional energy in India. 6 marks 2007
• De- Forestation. 4 marks 2008
• Organic Agriculture. 4 marks 2008
• Divide India into major physio-graphic regions and describe anyone of them. 6 marks 2010
• Describe the major iron ore mining areas of the world. 4 marks 2010
• INDIAN AGRICULTURE—CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
• DRY FARMING IN INDIA
• POULTRY FARMING and SILVER REVOLUTION IN INDIA
• SERICULTURE IN INDIA
• SECOND GREEN REVOLUTION
• AQUA CULTURE
• WHITE REVOLUTION IN INDIA
• Green Revolution in India
• CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
• Institutional Factors of Agriculture (1) Land Tenure and Land Tenancy (ii) Land Holding

Indian Geography

• Scarcity of water, methods of conservation-rain water harvesting and watershed management, ground water management
• Geological and Physiographic divisions of India
• Indian monsoon, mechanism, onset and retreat
• Population growth, distribution and density
• Agricultural Crops of India
• Landforms
• Multipurpose Projects & Hydro-Electric Projects in India
• Mineral Resources of India
• Drainage System of India
• Environment and Ecological Issues
• Development of Industries : Types of Industries;factors of industrial location, distribution and changing pattern of selected industries [iron and steel, cotton textile, sugar and petro- chemicals); Weber’s theory of industrial location-lts relevance in the modern world.
• Non- metallic and conventional minerals [coal,petroleum and natural gas), (c) hydro electricity and non conventional sources of energy (Solar, Wind, bio-gas),(d) energy sources Their distribution and conservation.
• Minerals and Energy Resources : Distribution and utility of [a] metallic minerals (ion ore, copper, bauxite, manganese)
• Scarcity of water, methods of conservation-rain water harvesting and watershed management, ground water management
• Utilization for industrial and other purposes, irrigation
• Water Resources : Availability
• Geographical condition and distribution of major crops, like,Rice, Wheat,Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Rubber, Tea and Coffee
• Development and Utilization Land Resources ie General land use, agricultural land use
• Natural Resources of India
• functional classification of urban settlements Problems of human settlement in India
• Urban morphology
• Types of Settlements : rural and urban
• Population, environment and development
• Age: Sex, ratio, rural-urban composition
• Population growth, distribution and density
• Natural Hazards : Floods, Droughts, Cyclones, Landslides
• Major types of Soils.(ICAR classification) and their distribution. Soil degradation and conservation
• Natural Vegetation-Forest types and distribution, wild life, conservation, biosphere reserves
• Food scarcity
• Green Revolution and its impact on major crops of India
• Indian monsoon, mechanism, onset and retreat
• Drainage Systems Himalayan and the Peninsular
• Structure, relief and physiographic divisions
• Structure, relief and physiographic divisions Three Geological divisions: 1. The peninsular block 2. The Himalayas and other Peninsular Mountains 3. Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain • Peninsualar block is made of gneisses (metamorphic) and granites (igneous). Six physiographic divisions: 1. The Northern and North-eastern Mountains 2. The Northern Plain 3. The Peninsular Plateau 4. The Indian Desert 5. The Coastal Plains 6. The Islands Northern and North-Eastern Mountains Approximate length of the Great Himalayan range: 2500 KM. Width: 160-400 KM Impact of Himalayas on the climate of India? It can be divided into five sub-divisions: 1. Kashmir (or Northwestern) Himalayas 2. Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas 3. Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas 4. Arunachal Himalayas 5. Eastern Hills and Mountains Kashmir Himalayas • Ranges: Karakoram, Ladhakh, Zaskar, Pir Pinjal • Glaciers: Baltoro, Siachen • Passes: Zoji La (Great Himalayas), Banihal (Pir Pinjal), Photu La (Zaskar) and Khardung La (Ladakh) • Lakes: (freshwater) Dal and Wular; (saltwater) Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri • Pilgrimage: Vaishno Devi, Amarnath Cave, Charar-e-Sharif • They are also famous for Karewa formations which are useful for the cultivation of Zafran (a local variety of Saffron). Karewas are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraines. • Kashmir is located on the banks of Jhelum river. • Meanders is a typical feature associated with the rivers in this region. • In South, there are longitudinal valleys called duns; Jammu dun and Pathankot dun Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas • Lies between rivers Ravi and Kali • Drained by two major river systems: Indus and Ganga • Northernmost part is an extension of the Ladakh desert, lies in Spiti. • Ranges: Great Himalayan Range, Lesser Himalayas (Dhaoladhar in HP and Nagtibha in Uttarakhand), Shivalik range • Pilgrimage: Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath, Badrinath, Hemkund Sahib and the five famous prayags (Refer to Panch Prayag) • Famous for hill stations: Dharamshala, Mussoorie, Shimla, Kaosani; Cantt.: Kasauli, Almora, Lansdowne, Ranikhet • The important distinguishing features of this area are the ‘Shivalik’ and ‘Dun formations’. • Important duns: Chandigarh-Kalka, Nalagarh, Dehra, Harike, Kota • Dehradun is the largest of all duns: Length – 35-45 KM, Width: 22-25 KM • Inhabited with the Bhotia They migrate to higher reaches (Bugyals) in summer and return to the valleys during winters. Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas • Between Nepal Himalayas and Bhutan Himalayas. • Fast flowing rivers such as Tista • Peaks: Kanchenjunga • Tribe: Lepcha • Has a mixed population of Nepalis, Bengalis and tribals from Central India. • Importance: Due to the moderate slope, it is best suited for tea plantations. • Duar formations are peculiar to this region. Arunachal Himalayas • From Bhutan Himalayas to Diphu pass in the east. • Direction: Southwest to Northeast • Peaks: Kangtu and Namya Barwa • Rivers: Brahmaputra, Kameng, Subansiri, Dihang, Dibang and Lohit. • These rivers are perennial and have the highest hydro-electric power potential in the country. • Tribes: Monpa, Daffla, Abor, Mishmi, Nishi and Nagas • These communities practice shifting cultivation known as Jhumming. Eastern Hills and Mountains • Direction: North to South • Ranges: Patkai Bum, Naga hills, Manipur hills, Mizo or Lushai hills • These are low hills • Tribes practice Jhum cultivation • Rivers: Barak. Most of the Nagaland rivers form a tributary of Brahmaputra. Rivers in eastern Manipur are the tributaries of Chindwin, which in turn is a tributary of the Irrawady of Myanmar. • Lake: Loktak • Loktak Lake: is an important lake in Manipur which is surrounded by mountains on all sides. It is the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India. Also called the only Floating Lake in the world due to floating masses of organic matter on it. It serves as a source for hydropower generation, irrigation and drinking water supply. • Keibul Kamjao National Park located in the Bishnupur district of Manipur is the only floating park in the world and is an integral part of the Loktak Lake. Home to the endangered Manipur Eld’s Deer or Brow-antlered Deer or Sangai or Dancing Deer. • Mizoram is also known as the ‘Molassis basin’ which is made up of soft unconsolidated deposits. The Northern Plains • Formed by the alluvial deposits of rivers – Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra. • Length: 3200 KM; Width: 150-300 KM Three main zones: 1. Bhabar 2. Tarai 3. Alluvial Plains (Khadar and Bangar) Bhabar • Narrow belt. 8-10 KM wide. • Paralllel to Shivalik at the break-up of the slope. Hence, streams and rivers deposit heavy rocks (and at times disappear) in this zone. Tarai • South of Bhabar. 10-20 KM wide. • Rivers re-emerge and create marshy and swampy conditions known as Tarai. Alluvial Belt • South of Tarai. • Features of mature stage of fluvial erosional and depositional landforms such as sand bars, meanders, ox-bow lakes and braided channels. Riverine islands in Brahmaputra. • Brahmaputra takes a turn an almost 90 degree turn at Dhubri (Assam) before entering Bangladesh. Peninsular Plateau • Bounded by the Delhi ridge, Rajmahal Hills, Gir range and Cardamom hills. • Made up of a series of patland plateaus: Hazaribagh, Palamu, Ranchi, Malwa, Coimbatore, Karnataka etc. • One of the oldest and most stable landmass of India. • Physiographic Features: Tors, block mountains, rift valleys, spurs, bare rocky structures, hummocky hills and quartzite dykes offering natural sites for water storage. • Black soil in western and northwestern parts. • Bhima fault in this region has frequent seismic activity (Lathur earthquake) • NW part also has ravines and gorges: Chambal, Bhind and Morena. Three broad regions: 1. Deccan Plateau 2. Central Highlands 3. Northwestern Plateau Deccan Plateau • Bordered by Eastern Ghats, Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo hills • Important ranges: WG: Sahyadri, Nilgiri, Anaimalai and Caradamom hills; EG: Javadi hills, Palconda range, Nallamala Hills, Mahendragiri hills • EG and WG meet at Nilgiri hills. • Highest peak: Anaimudi (2695 m) on Anaimalai hills; Dodabetta (2637 m) on Nilgiri hills. • Rivers: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri etc. Central Highlands • Bounded by the Aravali and Satpura range. • Relic mountains, highly denuded and form discontinuous ranges. • Near Jaisalmer it is covered by the longitudinal sand ridges and crescent-shaped sand dunes called barchans. • Elevation: 700-1000 m • Banas, a tributary of Chambal, originates in the Aravalli. Other tributaries of Yamuna originate from the Vindhyan and Kaimur ranges. • Minerals in Chotanagpur plateau. Northeastern Plateau • Extension of the main Peninsular plateau. • Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong plateau. • Megahalaya plateau: Garo hills, Khasi hills and Jaintia hills (named after the tribals inhabiting the region) • Rich in minerals like coal, iron, sillimanite, limestone and uranium. • Receives maximum rainfall from SW monsoon. Hence, Meghalaya plateau has a highly eroded surface. Cherrapuni and Myswarnam. Indian Desert • Aka Marusthali • Northwest of the Aravali hills • Dotted with longitudinal dunes and barchans. • Low rainfall: >150 mm per year Low vegetation cover • Evidence that this area was under the sea during the Mesozoic era. • Features: mushroom rocks, shifting dunes and oasis. • Rivers are ephemeral: Luni. Brackish lakes. Inland drainage. Coastal Plains Two divisions: 1. Western coastal plains 2. Eastern Coastal Plains Western Coastal Plains • Submerged coastal plain. Hence, a narrow belt. Narrow in middle and broader towards north and south. • Ports: Provides natural conditions for the development of ports and harbours due to submergence. Kandla, Mazagaon (Mumbai), JLN port Navha Sheva, Maramagao, Mangalore, Cochin etc. • Mumbai has the world’s largest natural harbour. • May be divided into: Kachchh and Kathiawar coast in Gujarat, Konkan coast, Goan coast and Malabar coast. • Rivers don’t form delta. • Kayals (Backwaters): Found in the Malabar coast. Used for fishing and inland navigation. Every year Nehru Trophy Vallamkali (boat race) is held in Punnamada Kayal in Kerala. Eastern Coastal Plains • Broader • Emergent coast. Hence, less number of ports and harbours. Chennai, Vizag, Paradwip, Haldia. • Delta formation The Islands Two major Divisions: 1. Andaman and Nicobar 2. Lakshwadeep & Minicoy Andaman and Nicobar • Two major island groups: Ritchie’s archipelago and the Labrynth island. • The group is divided into: Andaman in the North and Nicobar in the South. • Andaman and Nicobar separated by the Ten Degree channel. • Barren Island • Peaks: Saddle Peak (N.Andaman – 738 m), Mt. Diavolo (Middle Andaman – 515 m), Mt. Koyob (S Andaman – 460 m) and Mt. Thuiller (Great Nicobar – 642 m) • Coral deposits found • Convectional rainfalls and equatorial type of vegetation. Lakshadweep and Minicoy • Entire group built of coral deposits. • Total of 36 islands of which 11 are inhabited. • Smallest UT • Minicoy is the largest island • Separated by the 9 Degree Channel, north of which is the Amini Island and to the south Canannore island. • These islands have storm beaches consisting of unconsolidated pebbles, shingles, cobbles and boulders.
• Multipurpose Projects & Hydro-Electric Projects in India
• Mineral Resources of India:Non Metalic
• Mineral Resources of India:-Metallic Minerals
• Drainage System of India
• Geological and Physiographic divisions of India
• Various National Missions and Programmes:-

World Geography

• Current Geopolitical Conflicts
• Broad Physical features
• Current Geopolitical Conflict Zones
• Environmental and Ecological Issues. For Ras RTS Mains and Ras Rts Prelims Exam
• Broad Physical features.for Ras Rts Mains Examination and Ras Rts Prelims Exam
• Explain “ Ozone layer “ and “Ozone Hole ”. 4 marks 2003
• what is International Date Line? 4 marks 2010
• Describe the major iron ore mining areas of the world. 4 marks 2010

Faqs on Geography of India and World Geography of Punjab

Where is Punjab located in India?

Punjab is located in the northwestern part of India. It shares borders with Pakistan to the west, Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the northeast, and Haryana and Rajasthan to the south.

What is the physical geography of Punjab?

Punjab is predominantly a flat, alluvial plain formed by the Indus River and its tributaries (Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi). A small belt of undulating hills, known as the Shivalik Hills, lies in the northeastern part of the state.

What is the climate of Punjab?

Punjab experiences a continental climate with hot summers (April-June) and cold winters (December-February). The monsoon season (July-September) brings moderate rainfall.

What are the major rivers in Punjab?

The major rivers flowing through Punjab are the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi. These rivers are a part of the Indus River system and are essential for agriculture in the region.

What are the main crops grown in Punjab?

Punjab is known as the “Granary of India” due to its fertile soil and extensive irrigation. The main crops grown are wheat, rice, maize, cotton, sugarcane, and various fruits and vegetables.

What are the major cities in Punjab?

The major cities in Punjab include Chandigarh (the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana), Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Patiala, and Bathinda.

Where is Punjab located in the world?

Punjab is a historical and cultural region in South Asia, divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian state of Punjab is in the northwest of the country, while the Pakistani province of Punjab is in the east.

How does the geography of Indian Punjab compare to Pakistani Punjab?

Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab share similar physical geography, mainly comprising flat alluvial plains. However, the Indian side has more extensive irrigation networks and a higher agricultural yield.

What is the historical significance of Punjab?

Punjab has a rich historical and cultural significance. It has been the home to the Indus Valley Civilization, the birthplace of Sikhism, and a major battleground in various historical periods.

What are the major languages spoken in Punjab?

Punjabi is the main language spoken in both Indian and Pakistani Punjab. However, Hindi and Urdu are also widely spoken and understood in their respective regions.

What are the major economic activities in Punjab?

Agriculture is the backbone of the economy in both Indian and Pakistani Punjab. Additionally, there are various industries like textiles, food processing, and manufacturing in the region.