Punjab, the land of five rivers, is characterized by a diverse landscape shaped by its unique geological history and the powerful forces of nature. The state can be broadly divided into four major physiographic divisions:
1. The Shivalik Hills
Location: Occupying the northeastern part of Punjab, forming the foothills of the Himalayas.
Characteristics:
Elevation: Ranges from 300 to 1000 meters above sea level.
Composition: Primarily composed of unconsolidated sedimentary rocks like sandstone and conglomerate.
Topography: Characterized by rugged terrain, steep slopes, and narrow valleys.
Drainage: Dissected by numerous seasonal streams called "chos".
Vegetation: Supports a variety of subtropical vegetation, including scrub forests and grasslands.
Economic Significance:
Forestry: Provides timber and other forest products.
Agriculture: Limited to terraced farming on gentler slopes, primarily for growing fruits and vegetables.
Tourism: Offers opportunities for hiking, trekking, and wildlife viewing.
2. The Kandi Area
Location: Lies between the Shivalik Hills and the plains, forming a transition zone.
Characteristics:
Topography: Undulating terrain with low hills, valleys, and ravines.
Soil: Mostly composed of gravel and clay, making it less fertile than the plains.
Drainage: Characterized by seasonal streams and gullies.
Vegetation: Supports a mix of scrub forests, grasslands, and cultivated fields.
Economic Significance:
Agriculture: Primarily rain-fed, with crops like maize, millets, and pulses being cultivated.
Animal Husbandry: Provides grazing land for livestock.
3. The Alluvial Plains
Location: Constitutes the largest and most important physiographic division, covering the central and southern parts of Punjab.
Characteristics:
Topography: Flat and fertile plains formed by the deposition of alluvium by the Indus River system.
Soil: Rich in alluvial deposits, making it highly fertile and suitable for agriculture.
Drainage: Well-drained by the major rivers of Punjab – Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, and their tributaries.
Vegetation: Primarily agricultural land, with major crops like wheat, rice, and cotton being cultivated.
Economic Significance:
Agriculture: Forms the backbone of Punjab's economy, contributing significantly to the state's agricultural output.
Industry: Supports a variety of industries, including agro-processing, textiles, and manufacturing.
Urbanization: Home to major cities and towns of Punjab, including Ludhiana, Amritsar, and Jalandhar.
4. The Dune-Studded Plain
Location: Found in the southwestern part of Punjab, bordering Rajasthan.
Characteristics:
Topography: Characterized by the presence of sand dunes and sandy plains.
Soil: Sandy and less fertile, making it unsuitable for intensive agriculture.
Drainage: Poorly drained, with seasonal streams and ponds.
Vegetation: Sparse vegetation, mainly consisting of drought-resistant shrubs and grasses.
Economic Significance:
Agriculture: Limited to dryland farming, with crops like millets and pulses being cultivated.
Animal Husbandry: Provides grazing land for livestock, particularly sheep and goats.
Further Subdivisions:
The alluvial plains are further divided into three sub-regions based on the interfluves (land between two rivers):
Majha: Located between the Ravi and Beas rivers.
Doaba: Situated between the Beas and Sutlej rivers.
Malwa: Lies south of the Sutlej River.
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